Manufacture of reinforced composite concrete pipe-line constructions



April 30, 1968 D. RuBl-:NsTElN 3,380,259

MANUFACTURE OF REINFORCED COMPOSITE CONCRET PIPE-LINE CONSTRUCTIONS Filed Oct. 24, 1965 6 Sheets-Sheet l Fig. 15

INVENTOR.

April 30, 1968 D. RuBENsTEm 3,380,259

MANUFACTURE OF REINFORCED COMPOSITE CONCRETE PIPE-LINE CONSTRUCTlONS Filed Oct. 24, 1965 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 IN N D ffy. 25,4

April 30, 1968 D. RUBENSTEIN 3,380,259

MANUFACTURE OF REINFORCED COMPOSITE CONCRETE PIPE-LINE CONSTRUCTIONS Filed Oct. 24, 1965 6 Sheets-Sheet I5 April 30, 1968 n. RuBENsTl-:IN 3,380,259

MANUFACTURE OF REINFORCED COMPOSITE CONCRETE PIPE-LINE CONSTRUCTIONS 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Oct. 24, 1965 MN f. w\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ MANUFACTURE OF REINFORCED COMPOSITE PIPE-LINE CONSTRUCTIONS 6 Sheets-Sheet Filed OOt. 24, 1965 .inv M.. u l

April 30, 1968 D. RUBI-:NSEM 3,380,259

ONCRETE MANUFACTURE OF REINF'ORGED COMPOSITE C PIPE-LINE CONSTRUCTIONS 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Oct. 24, 1965 mvENToR.

.A o o o o QW @i Patented Apr. 30, 1968 mee 3,380,259 MANUFACTURE F RENFORCED COMPGSHE CONCRETE PIPE-LINE CONSTRUCTINS David Rubenstein, 2750 2nd' Ave., San Diego, Calif. 92103 Continuation-impart of applications Ser. No. 392,075, Aug. 19, 1964, and Ser. No. 391,987, Aug. 25, 1964. This application Oct. 24, 1965, Ser. No. 522,336

13 Claims. (Ci. 61--72.2)

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLGSURE This patent application relates to methods and apparatus for the manufacture of polymeric-resin-composition fiber reinforced cast in place porous structural material concrete pipe lines. 'Pipe liners are provided on-site by make-up and processing apparatus and placed in a ditch dug by a self-propelled ditcher which -hauls said apparatus on a trailer-processing rig which provides said pipe-liner. The said pipe-liner acts first as a forming means for casting a concrete cover component of the pipe-line and remains in place -as a polymerizedpolymeric resin composition fiber reinforced pipeliner. A concrete placing machine is hauled over the pipeliner in the tren-ch and concrete or other porous structural material placed around, about, over and under the pipe-liner, thus making a reinforced concrete pipe-line having corrosion resistant features.

This patent application is a continuation-impart of my copending prior patent application Serial No. 391,987, tiled Aug. 25, 1964, now Patent 3,250,654 and my copending prior patent application Serial No. 392,075, led Aug. 19, 1964, now abandoned. The latter application is a continuation-in-part application to my prior patent applications Serial No. 743,464, filed .Tune 1958, a portion of which is now U.S. Patent No. 3,111,569; Serial No. 702,- 050, ied Dec. ll, 1957; a portion of which is now U.S. Patent No. 3,177,902; both led as continuations-in-part applications to my patent application Serial No. 345,084, filed March 27, 1953, Whose specification now is abandoned but -whose linventions disclosed therein are not abandoned; and which applications are continuations-inpart to my prior patent application Serial No. 229,852, filed June 4, l1951, a portion of which is now U.S. Patent No. 2,850,890.

This patent application relates to improvements in the manufacture of reinforced composite concrete pipe, and in particular, discloses and claims novel and useful features, product, methods of making and apparatus useful in making this pipe. This invention is particularly useful in the manufacture 4of large sized service lines comprising water systems, irrigation systems, sewer systems, or the like, and includes special constructions useful in oil, gas, and chemical pipe systems.

Further, this invention provides features of novel invention which are used in on-site manufacture of reinforced composite concrete pipe or vessels -in conjunction with prior art on site concrete pipe laying machines `as exampled in US. Patents Nos. 2,969,576; 2,731,698; 3,032,852; 3,049,787; and 3,106,760, but not limited thereto.

An object is to utilize this invention to substantially reduce the cost of irrigation systems, water systems, and other engineered pipe-line systems.

Another object of this invention is to make high pressure prestressed preloaded reinforced concrete engineered constructions, prestressed concrete pipe, and prestressed concrete pile constructions.

Another object of this invention is to make high pressure composite concrete pipe lines wherein the reinforcing means comprises non-metallic reinforcing means used alone, and/ or non-metallic means comprising reinforcing used in combination with selected metallic reinforcing, said reinforcing means being used in on-site constructions and being combined with poured-in-place concrete material or other selected poured-in-place porous structural material.

Another object of this invention is to make low or nopressure composite concrete pipe lines having pipe-liner construction which provides a very 4smooth interior surface to the construction `which surface improves owability through such a pipe-line on the order of 25% increased ow, more or less.

By definition herein, the word concrete is broadly defined as such material being porous structural material and includes any porous structural material capable of and Vof being used in various embodiments of this invention. The porous structural material utilized in this invention can be made out of any masonry or con. crete material in the form of a member of the group consisting of Portland cement concrete, lightweight Portland cement concrete, perlite-concrete material, fire-expanded shale aggregate concrete material, fire-expanded clay aggregate con-crete material, volcanic cinder concrete aggregate material, processed cinder aggregate concrete material, -river run crushed rock aggregate material, pit-excavated crushed rock aggregate material, silica sand, w-ashed aggregate sands, and in fact any natural stone or man-made st-one-l-ike products having the required engineering materials strengths in any specific structural design of the invention can be used. Each raw concrete material in terms of the broad definition herein is used in a balanced designed structural engineering manner adapted to its own particular features in use. Concrete utilizing polymerizable polymeric resin compositions =as the bonding material may be used wherein all Portland cement is emitted from the mixture, and/0r portions of the .Portland cement being provided mixed with non-cementitious cements, as e.g., polymerizable polymeric resinous thermoplastic and/or thermosetting materials. Compatible combination of thermoplastic and thermosetting materials may be used for -their structural properties and for co-reactive properties in specic formulations as binders in providing concrete pipe line material components of the invention.

The composite structure pipe construct-ion comprisesthe sandwiching, and laminating as well as the chemical and mechanical dispersion of cements, aggregates and materials to integrate and laminate and compose into structure the various materials used. By using materials having structural, chemical, resistance, and other characteristics having specic functions in specific type embodiments of this invention uses normal to the said materials or modied uses 4of the said materials, provide useful embodiments lof this invention. By methods utilizing cast-ing, membering, joining, assembling and incorporation by lamination, component parts, pieces, units, fabrics, binders, iillers, liber glass rovings, fiber glass strands, glass liber woven roving, unidirectional glass ber roving mats, glass ber mats, glass fiber elo-th, extenders, natural bers, synthetic bers, sisal fibers, steel wire, either woven or plain, deformed or smooth reinforcements, copper wire, metal reinforcements of any type, wire cables, rods, perforated metal, hemp, rope, nylon, rubber, butyl rubber, plastics, plasters, wood bers, wood pieces, bamboo, bur. lap, asbestos ller, asbestos bers, crushed rocks, silica particles, sand, minerals, Portland cements, natural cements, and any other materials whose final end use properties, and functional characteristics add to, comprise, make, constitute, cast, laminate or incorporate added strength in tension, compression, shear and torsion, provide new and novel composite improvements, In particular, materials useful in resistance to abrasion, e.g., minerals of the order of 4 to l0 on Mohs scale are useful materials. Clay in several of its chemical compositions, e,g., betonite clays are useful materials. Lead in sheet, strip, particles and powder form comprises a useful material in certain specific embodiments of this invention.

The constructions of this invention are directed to WaterSaving features in the construction of irrigation pipe-line systems, potable Water supply systems, and the like. Quantities of Iwater are lost in the present water supply systems because of leakage because of cracks in the body of the pipe or because of permeation through the walls of the said pipe, eg., as -much as thirty percent (30%) of transported water is lost in transmission.

The manufacture of unrenforced concrete pipe lines in the existing art -has inherent problems due to the nature of conventional concrete because of the shrinkage of concrete in its setting, its low tensile strength, generally less than its compression strength, being about 10% or less of its compression strength. Shrinkage causes cracks and cracks cause leaks and loss of water or other iiuids iiowing through such pipe. Additionally, earth loads, expansion pressures of soils having expansive characteristics, like adobe soils, poor supporting sub-grades, slugging, i.e., admitting large quantities of water to a pipe line so as to cause high internal pressures by the water or Water and air combined, create internal stress systems adverse to the integrity of the pipeline.

Thus an object of this invention is to improve the structure of cast-in-place concrete pipe-lines while at the same time using full advantage of the cost savings features the art of the cast-in-place systems offers.

These and other objects will be apparent from the drawings and the following description thereof. Referring to the drawings, which are for illustrative purposes of imbodiments of this invention;

FIGURE 1 is a partial elevation of an inflatable pipeliner embodiment of the invention;

FIGURE la is a cross-section of FIGURE 1 of this invention;

FIGURE 1b is a partial elevation of said iuliatable embodiment of the invention;

FIGURE 2 is a partial elevation of another kind of an inflatable pipe-liner embodiment of this invention;

`FIGURE 2a is a cross section of FIGURE 1 of this invention;

FIGURE 2b is a partial elevation of said invention;

FIGURE 3 is a longitudinal partial section of an embodiment of this invention showing means of joining two ends of two pipe-liners together;

FIGURE 4 is an elevation of valved connecting device of the invention;

FIGURE 5 is a vertical elevation of the continuous concrete pipe-line laying machine train of this invention;

FIGURE 6 is an enlarged cross-section of a portion of FIGURE 5;

FIGURE 7 is a partial longitudinal enlarged section of a portion of the apparatus of this invention;

FIGURE 8 is a cross-section and FIGURE 8a is partial longitudinal section of an embodiment of this invention;

FIGURE 9 is another cross-section and FIGURE 9a is a partial longitudinal section of an embodiment of this invention;

FIGURE 10 is another cross-section and FIGURE 10a is a partial longitudinal cross-section of an embodiment of this invention;

FIGURE l1 is a partial elevation of a non-metallic fibrous reinforcing cable adapted for use in making prestressed preloaded constructions of this invention;

FIGURE l2 is an isometric view of a roll of ready-for use prepared non-metallic reinforcement used in this invention;

FIGURE 13 is a longitudinal section of a venturi embodiment of this invention;

FIGURE 14 is a cross-section and FIGURE -14a is a partial longitudinal section of another mandrel torpedolike inating device of this invention;

FIGURE 14b is a partial longitudinal section of the after end of said mandrel torpedo-like inating device of this invention;

FiGURE 15 is a cross-section and FIGURE 15a is a partial elevation of a prt-:stressed preloaded embodiment of this invention;

FIGURE 16 is another cross-section and FIGURE 16a is a partial elevation of a -prestressed preloaded embodiment of this invention;

FIGURE 1'7 is a partial elevation of reinforcement holding strap;

FIGURE 18 is an elevation of an enlarged view reinforcing cable chair;

FIGURE 19 is an enlarged view of pipe-liner forming apparatus of this invention;

FIGURE 20 is an enlarged view of pipe-liner placement and of prestressed preloaded construction adapted to a portion of said pipe-liner;

FIGURE 2l is a diagrammatic view of another type of apparatus used in providing on-site or near on-site manufacture of pipe-liners of this invention;

FIGURE 22 is a diagrammatic view of elevation of spinning apparatus of this invention;

FIGURE 23 is a sectional elevation of a mandrel torpedo-type holding means and mandrel in section of this invention;

FIGURE 24 is a cross section of a finished product of this invention;

FIGURE 25 is a cross section and FIGURE 25a is a partial longitudinal section of a iinished portion of an embodiment of this invention wherein the pipe-liner is made to a pre-selected length and has a bell and spigot end construction;

FIGURE 26 is a longitudinal cross-section of the mandrel and pipe-liner made thereon wherein the pipeliner has bell and spigot ends.

In prior art the method of making cast-in-place concrete irrigation and the like, pipe lines are expanded by the use of long length tubular inflatable forms of iiexible material such as reinforced rubber closed end tubes, which tubes are placed in a pre-dug trench just ahead of a continuous concrete pipe material placing machine. This tube is extended into said machine, or said machine advances over said tube, the tube being inflated to a required amount, e.g., 3 lbs to l0 lbs. air pressure, which pressure makes said tube rigid enough to support the load of wet poured concrete supplied through the placing machine. The placing machine is fed Wet concrete mixture from a field provided source of mixing the same or by truckmixers supplying said concrete pipe making machine in sequence as needed as the said pipe making machine is pulled over said inliated tube. The outside of the tube is covered with a release powder so that when the concrete pipe-line is set and cured, the inflated tube can be deflated and withdrawn from the finished pipe.

Also in the art connected short lengths of metal tubes, c g., aluminum, utilized as removable forms are layed in a pre-dug trench and when the machine has completed sections of concrete pipe line in said trench, the metal sections are removed. The cost of placing such forms is considerable and not only involves the use of the forms themselves, but involves smoothing and surfacing areas of iinished pipe to overcome ridges or irregularities caused by misalignment or bent sections of the metallic forms resulting in uneven surfaces in the finished pipe.

In my Patents No. 2,671,158, 2,951,006, 3,111,569, and in other of my patents and applications pending, I disclose and claim embodiments of pipe line structure wherein I provide particular packaged-ready-for-use tubular pipe-liners comprised of liber reinforced construction embedded in polymeriza-ble polymeric resin compositions. These embodiments are provided on reelunits or in packaged assembly. r1`he state of particular embodiments thus provided varies with the type and kind of end structure provided as an end use product. There are different methods for making the same composite structure provided in these patents and in the improvements provided in the instant invention, and in my copending application Serial No. 391,987, filed August 25, 1964, and in my copending application Serial No. 392, 075, filed August 19, 1964, the parent application to this application. The method of making partially cured readyfor-use pipe-liner constructions as disclosed and claimed in my copending application Serial No. 391,987, tiled August 25, 1965 now U.S. Patent No. 3,250,654, is considered as a part of this application, and provided therein is an alternate method of providing the pipe-liner construction used in this invention. This improvement of making pipe-liners on-site following the digging of the trench is a cost reducing method. When it is impractical because of terrain covered to utilize the apparatus and method of Serial No. 391,987, filed August 25, 1964, the Wheeled trailer type apparatus is placed near by and obviates long hauls of pipe-liner constructions. The pipe-liners are provided in suitable length sections and may be made with integral bell ends and spigot ends so that by slipping a bell end over a spigot end a continuous pipe can be made. The existing concrete pipe ming apparatus in the case of aluminum or metal forming means utilizes sections of tube about four or tive feet long. Other apparatus utilizes rubber or rubber-like tubes from short lengths to 300 feet long and even to 1,000 feet long. Certain existing apparatus can be used as is in the present state of the art, i.e., in combination with the means of this invention. Existing metal forms are used without inflation and are temporary braced.

Pipe-line structures having diameters of from about 6 in diameter to feet in diameter are made by this invention, but not limited thereto, the major uses being in the range of 12 to 72 inches in diameter.

In the practice of this invention, a trenching machine having a tractor or other driving means of moving ahead is provided to first dig a trench of required size and shape. Attached to this tractor or other driving means, and following the trenching or ditching machine is the trailer or mobile unit on which is found the machine and materials providing the pipe-liner construction of this invention. Following the pipe-liner trailer is found the concrete placing machine which is supplied from an in-place mixing plant or by truck type concrete mixing machines. The trenching machine, the pipe-liner trailer and the concrete placing machine are all connected by cables and are moved forward by the tractor of the trenching machine. Alternately, each machine may be self propelled and operated in the sequence obtained when all machines are connected together. On-site features and conditions of manufacture of the completed pipe line will dictate operations.

The instant invention is directed to making an integrated pipe-line structure on-side by supplying or providing on-site a pipe-liner component which first acts as a forming means for the pipe construction whereby wet concrete is placed around, under and over the said pipeliner construction, and second, remains in place as originally placed as a reinforcement of the composite concrete and fibrous reinforced polymeric resin composition comprising said pipe-liner. The pipe-line structure made is a reinforced composite concrete pipe. The component parts of the materials of construction are used in sequence, or provided in sequence, and remain in placed position as placed. No Wasted labor or material occurs in the method of manufacture. The concrete placing machine finishes the exposed surface of the poured concrete.

The extraordinary high strength reinforcements provided and the improvements in the body structure of the concrete component of the composite structure of the invention made by improving the tensile strength of the concrete material by incorporating polymerizable polymeric resin compositions in accordance with a structural design in the manner of the invention, provides very substantial improvements in product and very substantial reductions in cost. Irrigation pipe-lines and high pressure pipe-lines are improved and have increased features of functionality as well as improved pipe structure. Substantially, complete impermeability of the pipe Wall is achieved in this invention. Leakage from the inside out or from the outside in is stopped. The high smoothness feature of the pipe-liner 377 increases flow properties materially of the pipe-line structure.

Referring now to the figures of drawings of this invention, the method and apparatus used is disclosed as follows:

FIGURE 1 shows a cross-section and partial elevation of a pipe-liner 377 tubular reinforcing and surfacing construction of this invention. This tubular reinforcing comprises a laminated tubular component structure having fibrous reinforcement embedded in polymerizable polymeric resin composition provided in packaged condition in ready-for-use state as shown in my Patent No. 2,951,006 and may have features of other of my invented constructions as shown in my Patents No. 3,111,569 and 3,177,902. Additionally, it may be supplied as a product made by the method of my patent application No. 391,987, filed August 25, 1964, now U.S. Patent 3,250,654.

In FIGURE l element 121 represents an inflatable envelope type of pipe-liner 377 With element 122 illustrating the feed tube for inflation of the construction. Element 128 represents the tapered portion of the end of the tubular reinforcing and surfacing means and is sized at the angle of between 30 and 45 as related to the diameter of the tube which avoids bulging when said tube is inflated. In practice the amount of air pressure required for inflation of pipe-liner 377 for the thinnest type of liner I can make is about 3 lbs. to l0 lbs. air or fluid pressure, but not limited thereto, as other pressures may be used. One example of such a construction comprises glass liber reinforcing strands embedded and covered with a polymerizable polymeric resin composition or e.g., epoxy resin composition or e.g., unsaturated polyester resin composition as disclosed in my patents supra, but not limited thereto, as e.g., rubbery materials, butyl rubber or elastomeric polymeric resin compositions may be used alone or in combination with other thermoplastic resin compositions and thermosetting resin compositions.

In starting the manufacture of the composite concrete pipe-line structure, an amount of pipe-liner 377 is pulled from the reel unit through rolls 372 and 376-. The end of the pipe-liner 377 has its elements 122 and 128 cut-off so that the pipe-liner 377 in its full diameter can be attached to the bulk-head elements 21S-216 as shown in FIGUR-E 7. Before attaching the pipe-liner 377 to the said bulk-head 21S-216, the mandrel 236 and the air hose connected to it are inserted into the open end of the pipe-liner 377. A sufficient amount of pipe-liner 377 is processed through the oven and over the mandrel to make it a set and cured polymeric resin composition ber reinforced pipe-liner 377 construction. Alternatively, the pipe-liner 377 construction is processed into a partially cured construction so that additional elements and cornponents of specific constructions can be incorporated into the pipe-liner or concrete and pipe-liner 377 construction after it leaves the oven by integrated bonding processes. In either case the pipe-liner 377 is sufficiently strong to be used as shown and will hold air pressure or fluid pressure if the same is needed to support the load of the covering material or concrete 1.

The bulk-head 21S-216 has connections for the air hose or fluid means 233 which is further connected to the air compressor or fluid means outside the bulk-head. The tubular pipe-liner 377 can be connected to additional lengths of the same by several means. Element 127 represents one such means wherein the pipe-liner 377 has its end bent backward to a right angle as shown in FIGURE 7, with the flange of the bulkhead 216` serving as support for the element 127. Two such ends are connected one to the other as shown in FIGUR-E 3 wherein is shown an expansion joint having elements 118 and 127, and as shown in the lower portion of FIGURE 3 wherein is shown elements 2, 116, 118, and 127.

There are further means exampled herein but not limited thereto and provided in this invention` wherein a tubular pipe-liner 377 is connected to another pipe-liner 377 by means of the tubes 122 formed as a part of the two rcady-for-use constructions. When a length of pipeliner 377 is placed in final place of use the concrete 1 component of the construction is placed around, over and under said pipe-liner 377. As shown in FIGURE 19, the exterior surface of the pipe-liner may have a layer of polymerizable polymeric resin composition or other type layer applied to said surface after the formed pipe-liner 377 leaves the oven. The material may be highly adhesive so that in a portion of the apparatus just before the pipeliner 377 enters into the concrete placing machine, sand or sand and Portland cement, or any other bonding medium may be placed onto the pipe-liner 377. In the combination of the pipe-liner 377 and the concrete 1 fingers of polymeric resin composition or composite material fingers are provided by the rough surface made or by the nature of the materials having capability to penetrate and permeate the concrete 1 forming secure anchorages in the said concrete structure thereby. Additionally, composite structured material is provided in the combination of the polymerizable polymeric resin composition and the fibrous reinforcements and the concrete material. Co-mingling at the interface to selected designed depths of composite construction is a significant feature of this invention. The exterior application of highly adhesive materials With its bonding and penetrating and permeating characteristics at least at the interface between the concrete and the pipe-liner 377, but not limited thereto because in certain embodiments of this invention, substantially penetration and permeation can extend clear through the concrete body. Additionally, when I use a concrete having e.g., a polymerizable polymeric resin for its aggregate binder, the resulting composite structure pipeline comprises a balanced designed polymeric resin composition or compositions having embedded fibrous renforcements or metal and fibrous reinforcements in combination and concrete 1 material bonded together by said polymerizable polymeric resin compositions.

As shown added lengths of pipe-liner 377 are connected one to the other by means of tting 107 having connecting tubes 103e and 103i) which are connected to end tubes 122 of tubular body 121 by means of clamps and means 109110. Air or uid intake fitting valve 123 serves as means of adding pressure by moving hose 703 from air compressor to connect it into the added section of pipeliner 377 and the process of covering the tubular pipeliner 377 and placing the concrete 1 about said tube can again proceed. As pointed out herein, when the air pressure is needed to supplement the strength of the tubular pipe-liner 377 it acts as an additional supporting means over that supplied by the pipe-liner 377.

By design and intended types of use, the pipe-liner 377 can be provided having different capabilities to resist internal pressures by reason of the kind of and amount of fibrous materials used or metal components used, or polymerizable polymeric resin compositions used. Particularly, specific features of the invention can be provided by a plurality of polymeric resin compositions compatibly used or functionally used in the manner of the invention. By

design the selection of the materials of the construction of pipe-liner 377 and concrete 1 and features of prestressed preloaded structures as in FIGURE 20 are provided in a structually engineered manner combined with the chemical engineering manner of the arts.

Capabilities of structure of the composite pipe-line of this invention can be many. As to pressure capabilities, for irrigation pipe systems internal pressure resistance can be from a nominal 0 lbs. to eg., 50 lbs. with minimum thicknesses of pipe-liner 377 used. Internal pressure capabilities can go to eg., 500 p.s.i. internal pressure resistance. In either case the impermeability of the composite structure is provided. By varying the rigidity of internal structure of the invention materials, other capabilities can be achieved, eg., shock resistance against earthquakes and the like, load-bearing capabilities over unstable or low value sub-grade soils, over-burden loads, and articulative properties and resistances provided to overcome poor tensile properties of concrete per se by increasing its tensile capacity loading characteristics, and this in the manner of my prior inventions and the instant invention. The pipeliner 377 structures can be made and are made to have specific properties adapted to resist corrosion as occurring in sewer lines, or from acid soils, or alkali soils or environments, or in fact many other environmental conditions which pipe-liner 377 design and construction can meet.

In FIGURE 4, apparatus is shown comprising dual air supply means comprising entrance nipples 101er and 101b, valves 102e, and 10211, gauges 1030 and 103b, and connecting nipples 105 and ltlSa connected to junction box 107 by means of holding nuts 106e and 106!) and said nipples, and further, extension nipples and/or pipes 108a and 10312 around which tubular extensions 122 of pipe-liner 377 are fastened to said extension nipples 108a and 108b. This dual system with common junction box 107 enables air and/or fluid pressure to be balanced inside of the pipe-liner 377 while the concrete 1 is obtaining its set state which can be several hours. By holding internal support -pressure substantially equal, the concrete 1 can be cured without cracking.

Further, when pipe-liner 377 is prestressed preloader by said internal pressure, a substantially uniform amount of pressure is desirable and required and is thus provided.

When the concrete 1 and the pipe-liner 377 are united into set and cured composite concrete pipe-line structure, the pipe-line can be entered and the ends of the pipe-liner 377 shown connected by the joining apparatus as for maintaining substantially equal air pressure are cut off by means of a cutting tool and the expansion joint or other connecting ioint shown in FIGURE 3 is completed.

Alteratively, the method of my copending application Serial No. 391,987, filed August 25, 1964, can provide pipe-liner 377 in specific lengths, eg., four feet, five feet long ten feet long, twenty feet long, or in fact any desirable lengths to the amount that can be layed in one operational period, e.g., a day, and each such length may have a bell-type configuration ou one end and a spigot contiguration on the other end. Other types of pipe-line joinery can be used as shown in my prior art and adapted to the instant invention. Bell and spigot joinery is quickly conveniently joined together by the use of polymerizable polymeric resin compositions. The bell-type end, depending upon the diameter of any individual pipe-liner 377 construction can be eg., 4, 6" or even 12", or in fact any structural dimension required by a design. The belltype end can be a snug fit assembly that enables quick assembly secured in place by the use of the said polymerizable polymeric resin compositions. The bell-type end can have features involving the use of resilient rubber rings, or Teflon, polytetraiiuoroethylene polymeric resin rings, etc., as known in the art but specifically adapted to this invention. An epoxy resin composition having a copolymerizable component such as a polyamide resin or a polysulfide resin or a proprietory amine setting agent is available now so that timed or quick setting and curing can be provided for bonding the bell-type end to the spigot type end of a pipe-liner 377. Because of the several available polymerizable polymeric resin systems as shown in my prior patent U.S. No. 3,236,015 and copending applications, the structural engineer and chemical engineer now has means of providing pipe-liner structure having new and better end use properties.

In the present art of thermoplastic extrusions, apparatus is available that provides thermoplastic resin compositions made into extruded pipe structure. These pipe structures can be used in the manner of thermosetting resin compositions wherein the element 9 of Serial No. 391,987, filed August 25, 1964, shown as a release film is further processed in this invention to provide a thermoplastic material as the inner surface component of a particular pipe-liner 377, or if of adequate cross-section, comprise the pipeliner 377 construction. Polymeric materials such as Lexan, polycarbonate, nylon, linear polyesters, Daeron, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene or even cellulose acetate can provide polymeric materials of the instant invention. These may be used alone in certain embodiments or may be used in combination or layered constructions of the invention.

The fibrous reinforcements of the invention may be provided in dat helically wound constructions or they may be provided in helically wound constructions having additional bers as e.g., glass ber rovings Wound in pluralities of ring like constructions or helical-like constructions that are of a greater number of such rovings or strands wound in a given area of the total construction. The resultant structure has then a series of ribs as in FIGURE 22. These ribs are cable-like in nature and are reinforcing features of a particular designed pipe-line structure. The pipe-liner 377 havingr such ribs inherently has adequate mechanical bonding between the pipe-liner and its concrete 1 cover. Such ribs of strengthening material can be placed in or on a pipe-liner construction so as to structurally resist loading from any direction, the placement beinn a matter of structural design. Integrated cable-like reinforcements in a prestressed state can be thus made a part of a pipe-liner 377 construction.

FIGURE 2 represents a cross-section and partial elevation of a tubular pipe-liner 377 encased in a structural reinforcing means wherein element 2 comprises glass fiber or other ber reinforcement embedded in polymerizable polymric resin composition 21 and is packaged in between layer 3 and layer 121, layer 3 being the exterior cover and layer 121 being the interior cover. Element 125 represents a closure means for element 3 and can be heat sealed bonded connection or other equivalent means of closure, or element 3 can be a seamless or one piece tube.

FIGURE 3 shows an enlarged section taken longitudinally of an embodiment of the invention. Element 1 represents the concrete body of wet concrete poured about the inflated tubular construction pipe-liner 377. Element 2 comprises ber reinforcing, e.g., glass ber roving provided in helical lay and cross lay and having additional iglass ber circularly applied and bonded together by element 21 comprising the polymeric resin composition. Element 121 shows the inner layer which can be a component of the pipe-liner structure or can be a related component lapplied iirst as a mold release and left in place to protect the high polish of the inner surface of the pipe-liner structure which is obtained by the smoothness characteristic of the said related component. Element 125 represents a closure means for element 3 and can be a heat sealed or bonded connection as in FIGURE 2. yIn this example, element 3 is shown being removed from the pipe-liner 377 prior to the pouring of the concrete or other porous structural material about pipe-liner 377. Element 7S represents the penetration and permeation of the porous structure of the concrete body component 1 which as disclosed in my patents and copending application supra, provide veiy substantial reinforcement and prestressed preloading means to the composite pipe structure of this invention. Element 127 represents flanged ends to provide one type of connection between two lengths of pipe-liner 377. Elements again with elements 198er and 108b, 107, and 123 represent component parts of connection and intlating means between two lengths of pipe-liner 377. Elements 116 and 118 represent joinery components for permanently or otherwise connecting two lengths of pipe-liner 377 together. Element 119 represents the earth in the bottom of the trench and in the sides of the trench or place of use upon which the entire pipe construction rests in place of final use. Since the concrete 1 is provided. in its wet unset state, the interface between it and the earth 119 must be considered carefully in design so that full advanta-ge of the properties of all the materials including 119 are utilized. Earth 119 is considered a part of the composite structure.

FIGURE 4 represents 'an enlarged diagram of connecting means between two tubular pipe-liner 377 constructions and has been described supra.

FIGURE 5 is a side elevation and partial section of a complete pipe making and laying train comprising a ditcher represented by element 401 which is driven by a tractor 400, which tractor pulls the pipe-liner providing machine on a trailer by means of cable 309 connected to front wheels 3118 of said trailer vehicle containing the apparatus of the invention. Following the pipe-liner 377 providing trailer means in the concrete placing and finishing machine whice rides over the pipe-liner 377 and passes the pipe-liner through the machine where it is covered with concrete 1. Just prior to entry of the concrete placing machine the exterior sur-face of the pipe-liner 377 is covered with bonding material 79 which is placed over polymeric resin composition adhesive material 78 which has been applied to the pipe-liner 377 after it leaves the oven which forms pipe-liner 377. The location of these elements vare not critical but elements 7S and 79 are needed `when certain types of composite structure pipe is made. When the rib type structure is made as an embodiment of pipe-liner 377, certain constructions will not need 78 and 79. Element 90e represents a dieselelectric power source for heat and electricity.

Mounted on the vehicle, standard support 371 holds in the reel unit the tubular pipe-liner 377 in a rolled up condition. The pipe-liner 377 is fed off from the reelunit and is passed through rolls 372 land 376, the reelunit being mounted on axle 375 supported by braces 373. On leaving the rolls 372 and 376, the tubular pipe-liner 377 is inflated by means of air pressure or fluid pressure coming from the mandrel 236 which is mounted in curing `chamber 241. As shown in FIGURE 19 the spring type pressure elements 243 and 244 exert pressure upon the pipe-liner 377 at points on the liner 277 and 278. As shown in FIGURE 6, the oven is a circular piece of 4apparatus and is hinged at 246' and locked together at 242. The pressure exerted by the elements 243 and 244 is sucient to hold the pipe-liner 377 in a fixed position while the polymeric resin compositions of the pipe-liner are cured to a partial state of cure or are cured to a full state of cure depending upon the kind of a resin system then in use. In my copending application Serial No. 391,987, tiled August 25, 1964, now IUS. Patent 3,250,654, the preferred method of manufacture is to bring the pipe-liner 377 to a partial state of cure so that additional processing carried on in this invention results in a composite structure having an integrated and bonded composition. In certain embodiments, initial layers of a composite pipe-liner 377 structure may be cured as in oven in FIGURE 5 and FIGURE 6 to a full state of cure because of being placed on the mandrel 236 which may contain heated air or fluid. Additional layer or layers may be cured to a partial state of cure or may even be uncured polymerizable polymeric resin composition,

rubber, or elastomeric resin composition. The fibers used, eg., glass fibers are held in place in either layer and are not affected by heat in the curing temperatures of the polymeric resin compositions, rubber, or elastomeric resin compositions suited to any of the specific formulated compositions used. Control of heat is accomplished by known thermostatic means and time in the oven is concentrated to pre-selected periods of time. Also, certain resin systems may be cured at ambient temperatures.

Alternatively, the polymerizable polymeric resin compositions, the fibers, and the fillers if used, can be selected in specific formulation so that a continuous process comprising passing pipe-liner construction 377 over the mandrel 236 at a specific rate of speed and providing it formed ready-for-use -for application of bonding material, eg., polymerizable polymeric resin composition 78 and later at the entrance to the concrete placing machine, the application of binding and bonding materials 79 to the surface of the formed pipe-liner 377. The apparatus 236 comprising the mandrel and the apparatus 243 and 244 represent means of mechanically holding the pipeliner 377 in this processing step. The drawing FIGURE 19 exaggerates the depression formed in the pipe-liner 377 by the pressure means which depression is shown at 277 and 278. The mandrel 236 las shown in FIGURE 19 has a rounded front end a tapered rear end. The location of the pressure means 243 and 244 is such that the pipe-liner 377 is engaged under pressure at the round front end and the tapered rear end. Other means of holding the mandrel in position during the curing process are available and disclosed herein,

As shown in FIGURE tanks 3.16, 31S, 317 and 313 contain chemical components of the resinous materials of the invention then being used. These materials are shown dispensed by spray means but may be dispensed by any other means known in the art, e.g., dipping the fibers, spreading, by doctor blades, laminating, painting, mechanical brush systems, electro-static spray systems, pressure spray systems, or in fact any other means may be employed in the manner of the invention. Element 310 represents the spray device mounted on frame 311 and is fed from tank through hose 312. The torpedolike mandrel 236 as enclosed in the oven is supported on frame 325 having braces 305. This frame is adjustable so as to allow for horizontal placement of the oven and mandrel and for more or less slope in placement of the oven and mandrel so any desired manufacturing feature can be carried out.

Spray units 303 and 384 cover the outer surface of the tubular pipe-liner 377 after it leaves curing chamber oven 241 so that at element 761, the sprayed material may be covered with sand or Portland cement and sand, or other useful materials to effect bond with the poured concrete as the concrete component is formed over the inflated tubular pipe-liner 377, which bond is shown as being at the interface between the concrete 1 and the said tubular pipe-liner 377 at 7S as well as into the concrete 1 effecting a very strong bond therewith, and las at 79.

Element 223 comprises an air feed tube or other fluid feed means whereby the tubular pipe-liner 377 is inflated by means of this embodiment of apparatus. Element 7b2 show the smoothing means of a known pipe laying machine and element 777 shows the finished top surface of a poured and finished construction.

FGURE 6 shows an enlarged section of the construction of an embodiment of the invention wherein 121 shows the interior laminated layer component retaining fibers 2, eg., fiberglass stands, embedded in polymeric resin composition 21, eg., unsaturated polyester resin composition, or epoXy-polyamine resin composition, or an polyvinyl chloride resin composition. These materials may be in combination and enclosed in an envelope 3. Element 3 may be an aluminum or other rigid material capable of holding the tubular element 377 in fixed sized position or it may be cured entirely or may be cured partially depending upon the specific embodiment then being made as the reinforcing and lining components comprising the pipe-liner 377 of the composite pipe construction. Element 237 may have attached thereto heating elements 281 and be encased in element 239 which is an insulating construction for retaining heat or other- `wise controlling the curing or partial curing of the polymeric resin compositions of this invention. By the nature of certain polymerizable polymeric resins substances the cure cycle of these substances can be initiated by catalyst means, or co-polymerizable means, or with heat, or with reactive materials. Time of curing can be varied as is known in the art by the amounts of curing agents supplied, or by the environmental factors provided in any given process. As is known, partial curing can be done in one stage and completed in another, las eig., epoxy resin compositions or unsaturated polyester resin compositions which are hrst made as Bstage materials, i.e., partially polymerized, can be completely polymerized at a later stage. The use of setting means or catalysts, or curing means which eg., operate at elevated temperature enable manufactured components being in the B stage of cure because heat used in elevated temper'ature curing can be removed prior to completion of a cure cycle and the cure canbe resumed at a later time or other place by providing the amount of heat needed to complete system cure. Pipe-liner 377 with respect to its brous components alone can be supplied on the reelunit, and as shown in FIGURE 5 be covered and impregnated with polymeric resin composition just ahead of the oven by apparatus 316.

Alternatively, the fibrous components of pipe-liner 377 can be partially or wholly covered and impregnated with a polymeric resin composition and set to a Bstage and when supplied on a reel-unit be inflated and processed through the apparatus of the instant invention.

-FGURE 7 shows an enlarged longitudinal section of components of this invention. Forming means 236 comprises a mandrel having a forward port 233 and side ports 234e and 231th, and may have additional apparatus as will be later shown. One use for these features can be the emission of air or ilu-id from the mandrel to release or innate the tubular construction pipe-liner 377. Mandrel 236 is a forming means used in combination with the oven 241 and is maintained in position by apparatus of oven 241, or by electronically loperated or electrically controlled, or otherwise operated magnetic devices or proximity switches operating ferromagnetic metal lsensitive switches, as eg., procurable from 'the Honeywell Controls Corporation, Micro Switch Division, of Freeport, Ill. Specialized elements of these kinds of apparatus are available particularly designed for ltemperature gradients and spacing of elements of the instant invention. Improved double sheet detector type proximity switch `system plus magnetic device holding systems could include two sensor components, -an amplifier, a relay and a magnetic holding device. lSuch a device and system is represented in FIGURE 19 by elements 257x; and 257 b.

The for-ming means mandrel 236 -is connected to feed line 223 which extends `through lbulkhead 215 which is a part of supporting end bulkhead 216. In `this example, air compressor 704 supplies air under pressure through line 703. Entry 'portion of air or fluid line 703 is shown at 203 and feeds into entry control unit 21) which also has tine control valve 209 so as to substantially m'a'intain a constant pressure in the system.

Con-struction lof the pipe-liner 377 can very as the needs of the use dictate. The example shown in FIGURE 7 shows `the pipe-liner 377 under lpressure and expanded around the mandrel 236 with a portion shown in the mold 241. In the molding means 241 element 237 comprises an aluminum plate platen curved to the shape of Athe pipeliner 377. Other platens may be used made of other Vmaterial. This platen fis heated Iby electrical means wherein strip heaters are spaced around the platen shown as elements 281. Other rmeans `of heating may be used, e.g., steam, hot Water, hot air, in-ternal temperatures induced by catalysts or curing agents wherein the polymerization reaction provides heat to 4cure the particular polymeric resin composition, or radiant heat may be used, or sunlight may Ibe used after the tubular construction pipeliner 377 is formed into shape, yor in fact any other useful means may be used. The degree of cure, whether partially cured pipe-liner v377 is made Ior whether Iportions of the pipe-liner construction are c-ured yand portions partially cured, or whether the pipe-liner 377 is yfully cured in this stage of manufacture is a matter of design. The apparatus and `available materials can provide either product.

The right hand portion of the FIGURE 7 shows a sectional view of the composite pipe construction pipe-liner and concrete 1 after all the materials are in place. The bottom of the trench 119 is supporting the poured-inplace-conc-rete 1 which is shown in section surrounding pipe-liner 677. The bonding materials 73 and 79 comprise finger-like resinous materials and/or Portland cement, `and/or Portland cement and sand mixture, and/ or polymeric resin composition, sand and cement, or in fact `any other useful binding and bonding means when the use `of the components of the invention Iare so used. In the case of ribbed or exposed cable reinforcements used to reinforce the composite structure of examples of this invention, certain embodiments will rely on structural mechanically provided anchorage of the pipe-liner 377 and its reinforcing means to the concrete 1. Also concrete 1 in certain embodiments will have shrinkage and in setting .and curing will prestress preload the pipe-liner 377. When polymerizable polymeric resin compositions are used in place of Portland cement as the binder in the concrete 1, these materials will have in certain specific formulations, the necessary bond strength making lunitary structure out of the pipe-liner 377 and concrete 1 cover.

Polymerizable polymeric resin composition element 21 is shown embedding fibers 2, eg., glass fiber uni-directional strands, contained in envelope 3. In this embodiment, envelope 3 vis melted by the temperature of the polymerization reaction and co-mingles with the polymeric resin composition 21. In other embodiments it may 'be a peelof type of envelope in use as a protection cover and being removed before final stage of process is done. Other types and kinds and features of embodiments will require other envelope materials and functions.

A lflange embodiment 127 is shown but the construction is not limited `to flange type connections or as shown. The art and my prior art shows other means of connection between two lengths of pipe-liner 377.

FIGURE 8 shows a cross-section and longitudinal section of an embodiment of this invention wherein `the tubular construction pipe-liner 377 is found as in FIGURE 7 and in 'addition has spiral wrapped reinforcement 70 provided on lthe exterior surface lof pipe-liner 377. This reinforcement 76 is made of glass fibers or of synthetic fibers or of metallic wires or, in fact, any other useful material.

FIGURE 9 shows a cross-section and longitudinal section of -another embodiment of the instant invention wherein in addition the construction of FIGURE 8, these reinforcing means employ longitudinal prestressing cables 71. These cable-forms have end-enlargements 171 in which 'bearing holes 172 are found and are shown in my U.S. Patent No. 3,111,569. While FIGURE 8 shows concrete 1 representing conventional concrete, FIGURE 9 shows concrete 10 comprising a functional concrete particularly adapted to balanced prestressed preloaded construction. The composite pipe of this embodiment comprises prestressed preloaded pipe adapted to substantial resistance to internal pressures.

FIGURE 10 is another embodiment of this invention wherein prestressing cable-form 71 is utilized in spiral wrapped type of constructions on the outer face of the tubular construction pipe-liner 377. These reinforcing means provide prestressed structure in the composite concrete pipe of this invention as well as tanks, vessels, etc., of this invention. Concrete 12 of FIGURE 10 represents still `another kind of concrete 1 of this invent-ion and may be a concrete made by using polymerization polymeric resin composition as the binder and-omitting the use of Portland cement. In this case specialized aggregate -may be used. Such aggregate could `be heat resistant mineral material, pumice, or tufa, or volcanic ash, Carborundum, aluminum silicate, lead minerals, lead powders, lead granules, metal granules, or could be glass beads, quartz particles, silicon-carbide particles, asbestos, antimony oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, microspheres, made of high `silica glass, pure silica, phenolic, urea-melamine, or -syntatic rfoam materials, rock, or man-made aggregates lightweight concrete aggregates suoh as fire expanded clay or tire expanded shale, etc. Inorganic hollow beads and aluminum powder and silicone -or phenolic resins can be used in certain specic constructions of the inventions. Sodium and potassium silicates, silica sols, oxysulfate and oxychloride cements, calcium aluminate cements and phosphate cements can be used as bonding and binding agents. Low-density inorganic materials such as lightweight ceramic aggregate, amorphous minerals such as tripolite, infusorial earth, silica, perlite, Ioo-litic limestone, pisolitic bauxite and heatexpanded mica or, vermiculite can be used. Graphite can be used in making heat resistant polymeric resin bound concretes.

FIGURE 11 represents a cable-form having two endenlargements I171, two bearings 172 and continuously wound under uniform .tension `fibrous strands 71 and is shown eg., in my UJS. Patent No. 3,111,569.

FIGURE 12 represents a roll of belt-form reinforcing showing element 3 as a protective cover and elements 74 tas unidirectional strands of reinforcing material. This embodiment is shown in my |U.S., Patent No. 2,671,158, 2,951,006, and 3,111,569 with improvements. These readyfor-use constructions when provided in tubular construction as in pipe-liner 377 make component parts of the instant invention. The practical use of glass fibers and polymeric resin compositions ,and the other materials of this invention in some embodiments of the new art herein is only possible by the means of packaged-ready-for-use components disclosed herein.

FIGURE 13 is a partial section of a venturi shaped forming means adapted to pressure fluid systems, the venturi section being shown at 1300a with 2300 representing the forming chamber of a piece of apparatus as shown in FIGURE 14.

FIGURE 14 is a longitudinal cross-section partially shown with a cross-section of the apparatus circular in section interposed between the two ends of the embodiment. This apparatus comprises a steel or aluminum or, in certain uses a reinforced plastic tank, and is used as the mandrel about which the pipe-liner 377 is made, or completed from a partially prepared state as supplied on a reel unit. The outside diameter of the mandrel 236 or this mandrel 2366 provides the inside diameter of the pipe-liner 377, which eg., could be 12", 16", 18, 24", 30, 36 or in fact any required diameter bore for a composite pipe of this invention. As element 2366 used as in the manner of 236 in FIGURE 5 but without the attached hose 223, this embodiment of apparatus provides fluid or air pressure by self-contained means, and this to inflate the tubular construction pipe-liner 377 when it is desired to include air pressure or fluid pressure in the process of making.

This tank is adapted to provide air or fluid by which to inate the tubular construction pipe-liner 377 and aid in the release of the pipe-liner 377 from the mandrel by providing a layer of air between the mandrel surface and the said pipe-liner 377. Element 2301 comprises an oriice device having port 2303 and feed device 3061 contained in holder 3071 which is secured by portions of the assegna said tank element 2366 by its own walls being inverted inwardly by shaped portion of said tank element 3041. The Wall thickness of the tank element 2366 comprising the mandrel is related to the pressures required to Withstand its internal pressure capability and can withstand pressure required in the art.

The length of tank element 2366 as a mandrel is such that a portion of the continuous length or a long length of tubular construction pipe-liner 377 is expanded from the liat yas it comes from the reel-unit shown in FIGURE and as it is formed into shape between spray guns 310 and 304. The length may be convenient to a balanced designed set of apparatus provided on the transporting means of the invention. A convenient length may be feet long, or feet long, but not limited to said lengths. The curing time of the polymeric resin compositions 0f the tubular constructions pipe-liner 377 determines the amount of product made at any given time, i.e taking into account the related features of the making of cornposite concrete pipe by the apparatus of this invention, as well as the methods of this invention.

FIGURE l5 shows a cross-section and :a longitudinal elevation like the longitudinal reinforcing means used in the structure of FIGURE 9. The spiral wound element 74 surrounds the enveloped tubular construction pipeliner 377 and is at spaced intervals in accordance with a structurally engineered design. The prestressing cableforms are shown in raised relationship to the surface 0f the pipe-liner 377 and not only provide added strength to the composite pipe structure but also provide resistance against pull out of said pipe-liner 377 by mechanical bond. These prestressing cable-forms 71 have end-enlargements 171 which have bearing holes 172 so that the cable-forms may be end-enchored and prcstressed preloaded by means 907, 909, 910 and 911, the support bulkhead, the prestressing jacks, the jack holding bulkhead and the back-up bulkhead as shown in FIGURE 20.

The tubular construction pipe-liner 377 is comprised of elements 2, 3, 21, and 121 of the invention.

FIGURE 16 shows a cross-section and a longitudinal elevation of the reinforcing means used in FIGURE l0. In this embodiment, element 3 represents the envelope enclosing the tubular construction pipe-liner 377. Cableform 71 is shown as spirally wound at an obtuse angle about the outside of envelope 3. Element 93 comprises a reinforcing-spacing `chair holding belt having attached thereto chairs 91 at a pre-selected spacing. In these chairs 91, Lprestressing cable 71 is disposed so that an evenly spaced reinforcing prestressing construction for the pipeliner 377 can be made. By using at least two of these elements 93 as reinforcing-spacing belts, parallel arrangements of spirally wound cable-forms are easily provided. lf spirally wound cable-forms are not desired, the same elements 93 may be used to provide parallel spacing to the reinforcements 71. Additionally, the spacing belts and chairs therewith can be utilized to place cable-form reinforcement at a designed distance up from the Surface of the pipe-liner 377 in carrying out certain specific structural engineering requirements by having the height of a particular chair used act as the spacing medium. Such chairs can be made out of relatively inexpensive plastic, eg., polyethylene or vinyl chloride resins or may be stamped out of metal.

FIGURE 17 is an elevation of such an element 93 comprising a reinforcing-spacing belt. Made in lineair lengths it can be cut to specific lengths and is connected by means of any useful type, eg., rivets, or bolts as shown as element 92.

While known means of mechanically facilitating construction operation of the various components of this invention, devices such as thermostats, electrical switching, circuitry, land actuating devices for elements of the apparatus must be used, these are known in the art. Automation devices particularly in winding bers in the various winds used, helical, linear, or circular winding are most useful. The holding of mandrels in position in side of a length of pipe-liner 377 then being processed is accomplished by proximity switches and electronic devices and magnetic elements operated from outside the molding means 241 or equivalent means. The fibrous reinforced polymeric resin composition can be selected that provides no interference to such operation, eg., valve 2361 being operated by electronic device being shown at 23ti2 in FIGURE 14.

Stressing means for stressing fibrous or metal construction comprise mechanical means such as hydraulic jacks 910 known in the art of prestressed preloaded structures as well as devices of my own invention are used in inducing mechanically applied preload into cable-forms 71 through their end-loop-enlargements, as eg., 171. Stressing means provided 4by heat generated during the polymerization reaction of polymeric resin compositions of this invention which is known as exothermic heat, as well as sensible heat applied to raise the temperature of the polymeric resin compositions to cause polymerization from ambient temperatures, also is a component part of this invention. Staging of the time of heat input as eg., when the fibrous reinforcement embedded in polymerizable polymeric resin composition is wound as in my copending application Serial No. 391,987, filed August 25, 1964, or in my U.S. Patent No. 3,177,902, in an ambient temperature condition on the mandrel 236 or equivalent, and when said winding is completed heat is added to the inside of the mandrel with the mandrel being made of a metal having substantial expansion, as e.g., aluminum, the increase in size of the mandrel 236 by heat stresses the Wound fiber, c g., glass fiber rovings, or woven tapes, or strands, so that the polymerization reaction occuring in the polymeric resin composition then being used even of low shrinkage values causes the glass fiber to be set in place in a stressed condition as the resin composition sets and cures. Mandrels made with overlapping segments and having expansion means inside the mandrel also lprovide stressing means of this invention. Glass ber or in fact any other ber used, or wire used, can have its structural engineering properties improved with prestressed preload calculated and provided in accordance with 'a pre-selected structural and chemical engineering concept of structure.

Concrete 1 in any of its materials engineering concepts of this invention can also, for specific embodiments, be prestressed preloaded by the same means as above given by taking into the process then being used a timed use of the features of polymerization reaction and a timed use of prestressing into the composite structure of ,prestressed preloads. Induction of prestressed preloads by heat, by mechanical means and by shrinkage forces are useful only when captured-in-place and the polymerization reaction resulting in conversion of iluid polymerizable materials is the means alone or in compatible Combination with known means to provide the pipe cornposite materials structure of this invention.

In certain construction embodiments of this invention because of the restraint exercised by the end anchorage means against a bulkhead, e.g., element 907 and element 911, the cable form 171 enlargement being set in a slot which passes the cable-form 71 but not the enlargement 171 (said slot not being shown), through the said bulkheads, the force system provided by the shrinkage of the resinous material and/or the concrete l material of a particular embodiment then being made is a means whereby the pipe construction as composite structure is prestressed preloaded.

In Bstage resin systems the chemical engineer in a plant making up the prepared-ready-for-use-cable-form of FIGURE 1l or the belt-form of FIGURE l2, by formulation and quality control means insures under the proper environment in a chemical plant that the integrity and the uniformity of structural engineering usefulness of the lreinforcing means of the instant invention is provided. In the method of Serial No. 391,987, filed August 25, 1964, quality control is provided for in the field use of apparatus of the invention.

FIGURE 18 shows an enlargement of one element 91 mounted on belt 92. Element 91 provides spacing means for prestressing cables 71. When cable-forms 71 are used in an arrangement that is substantially parallel to the main flow line of the pipe, belt-form shown in FIGURE 17 serves to maintain positioning of said cable forms 71. Alternatively, if the structural engineering of the prestressed preloaded pipe-line structure requires placement as in FIGURE 16, the belt-form of FIGURE 17 by means of element 91 holds the helically arranged cable-forms 71 at any pre-selected line of pitch. The embodiments shown are in some cases oversize and not to scale but no limitation is intended in size in showing the features of this invention.

FIGURE 19 is an enlarged sectional view of a pipeliner 377 in Various stages of processing. Generally mandrel 236 is shown inside of the pipe-liner 377 with the oven 241 surrounding the pipe-liner and mandrel 236. The mandrel 236 has a rounded front end which has an orifice 235 which is operated by apparatus inside of the mandrel 236 by means outside of the oven 241 comprising an electronic device similar to that shown in FIG- URE 14 as element 2301. Additionally, ports 234a and 234b are operated by similar devices. Elements 257a and 257b represent magnetic holding plates as described supra, and are shown here in the surface of the mandrel 236. In this embodiment they have highly polished or chrome plated surfaces but when I place the device inside of the aluminum shell of a mandrel, these devices may he of ferromagnetic materials. The uid or air hose 223 is shown in FIGURE 19 Ibut alternatively, the mandrel of FIGURE 14 may be used. In this case hose 223 and air supply from compressor is not used but the mandrel of FIGURE 14 is used and it contains its own fluid or air supply suticient for a pre-selected period of processing of pipe-liner 377.

As is shown in FIGURE 19, elements 243 and 244 represent pressure means components of the oven 241, the depression 277 and 278 in the pipe-liner 377 being exaggerated in depth in order to show by the drawing that this pressure means holds the mandrel in position during the processing. Platen 237 is heated by heating elements 281 and insulation material 239 retains the heat in the oven.

Element 310 represents means of providing polymerizable polymeric resin composition into the fibrous reinforcements of the invention. The apparatus is substantially circular in being around the tubular pipe-liner 377. No limitation is intended upon any other configuration as elliptical or other shapes as tubes can be made. Element 304 represents means of applying bonding material 78 to the pipe-liner 377 surface for bon-ding to the 'concrete 1 at the interface of the pipe-liner and the concrete 1. Additionally, at 701 is shown a tank means which provides bonding material 79 which adheres to bonding material 78 and is sand or sand and Portland cement, or in fact any other selected material used to unite the pipeliner 377 at its interface with concrete 1. Spray unit 303 is similar resin dispensing means as element 304. While spray type units are shown other means may be used, such as dipping, adhereing or placing said bonding materials. In certain embodiments ribbed or otherwise provided bonding or holding means may be used and element 78 and element 79 omitted from the process, from all or only a portion of a composite concrete pipe construction of the invention.

Element 790 represents the concrete 1 dispensing means of the invention and is provided by known means or by improved concrete placement means of my invention. The elements 78 and 79 displace portions ofthe concrete 1 placed over them and at the interface make a composite material out of the concrete 1, the polymeric resin com` position and the sand or sand and Portland cement 79.

Water from concrete 1 sets the Portland cement which is applied dry. Earth 119 is a component of the construction because concrete 1 is placed thereon 119 in a wet condition and at the interface between the concrete 1 and the earth 119 particles of each comingle and provide a unitary structure. Care must be used in making the composite structure of the composite pipe of this invention. A soaked trench with earth 119 being in a too-wet condition could rob the concrete 1 of some of its Portland cement by capillary forces. Resorting to non-Portland cement binder, e.g., polymerizable polymeric resin compositions can solve such a problem.

FIGURE 20 shows a general view of the pipe-liner 377 as made on the trailer 306 and being deposited in the earth trench. Additionally, in this FIGURE 20 is shown means of prestressing a portion of said composite pipe line. Cable forms 71 are disposed in pre-selected spacing around the pipe-liner 377 and are stressed in prestressed preload by means of apparatus 907, and bulkhead for restraining cable-forms 71 by holding end-enlargements 171 by means, e.g., slots not shown, and apparatus elements 909, 910, and 911 whhich comprise prestressing means, element 909 being a bulkhead against which hydraulic jacks 910 bear with element 911 being the restraining bulkhead holding the prestressing apparatus in restraint. Cable-forms 71 are pre-tensioned to a pre-selected preload and this load is captured in place by concrete 1 when it sets. When the cable-forms 71 are placed in jacketed construction and are made of glass fiber unidirectional strands as shown in the drawings herein, these strands may be pre-tensioned in their dry state, or in their wet state having polymerizable polymeric resin around the said strands and about and into spaces between the strands. When the concrete 1 is poured about said strands the polymerization reaction may be actuated by means, e.g., slow acting catalysts activated by the heat of the reaction of the concrete 1 on setting, or any other means shown in my prior art or known in the art.

In the placing of pipe-liner 377 as shown on FIGURE 20, the nature of the degree of set or curing of the pipeliner can be a feat-ure in placement. When partially cured polymeric resin compositions as disclosed herein are used, the additional exterior coatings and bonding agents provided have an intimate bond in certain of the polymeric resins supplied and as e.g., partially cured epoxypolyamine polymeric resin composition will readily bond with additional resins of similar properties which are applied at 78. Alternately, fully bonded and cured layers of a construction of pipe-liner 377 may have the layer next to the mandrel in fully cured condition while layer or layers thereof and thereover are in a partially cured condition so integration of structure will obtain in process.

Referring to FIGURE 21, this apparatus of the invention comprises a trailer or truck type vehicle for transporting the apparatus to the site of use and such trailer or truck type vehicle then travels and strad'dles or parallels a pre-dug trench and lays into the trench a predetermined and pre-selected sized and structurally designed tubular construction pipe-liner 377, and which in the manufacture of an irrigation pipe line, or an oil field pipe line, or e.g., a chemical process pipe line, comprises the pipe-liner product made on the apparatus of FIGURE 21. Such a pipe-liner in ready for use condition, or partially made ready for use condition can be supplied onto a reel-unit and utilized as in FIGURE 5. However, in a great many uses of this invention, the pipe-liner 377 can be made on the apparatus of FIGURE 21 or variations thereof, and supplied directly from the apparatus to the trench. In either portion of the process the pipeliner is covered in the trench with concrete 1 and thus form a composite concrete reinforced pipe-line, i.e., pipeliner 377 may be provided by different means in subassembly of components or in full assembly of components so that the pipe-liner 377 is Ideposited in a trench and is covered with a protective cover as well as construction component comprised of concrete 1 as broadly defined herein. Element 90e represents a diesel-electric power source for heat and power.

In FIGURE 2l, element 2367 represents a forming means mandrel which is shaped like a torpedo upon which eg., polymerizable polymeric resinous material 21 is placed and in which embedded glass fibers 7 are wound at a pre-selected helical angle or otherwise determined lay of the fiber 7, eg., circularly layed fibers 7 over a lay and cross lay of helical Wound fibers, or eg., longitudinally layed fibers under a lay of helical wound fibers followed -by a lay of circularly layed fibers followed by a cross lay of helically layed fibers 7.

As a first element 9 comprising a release sheet or a thermoplastic polymeric resin composition component of a given structurally and chemically engineered construction, or other functional use, element 9 is wound or placed on the said mandrel 2367. This element 9 may be of thermoplastic material or of thermosetting material, or of a composite material, or may be comprised of polyethylene, or vinyl resins, or polyethylene terephthalate, etc., eg., strips, or webs, or strands or pre-formed tubes of release material used for release alone or for release and a functional use. Such a functional use can be that of providing a resilient liner feature as e.g., using neo prene rubber, or butyl rubber, or chlorinated polyethylene, or polycarbonate, proprietary thermoplastics, or rubbers, as a first layer. Such layers may be supported on the mandrel by peel-off type layer of polyethylene film wound onto the aluminum in strip form and if desired, heat sealed connected strip to strip as wound around the mandrel. Such a first layer would insure air tight construction for iniiating pipe-liner 377.

The mandrel 2367 is secured in `a substantially built holding device 15 -which is so designed that the mandrel element is maintained in cantilevered position fixed in place. In this embodiment the mandrel does not rotate. Adjacent to device 15 end frame 63 supports fixed in place creel holder 5 upon which rovings 7 are placed. These reels of roving 7 are so placed that the roving strands, e.g., glass fibers 7, are fed through polyethylene terephthlate, Teflon, or glass or porcelain fitted eyes 3 and then are placed over the release material, eg., polyethylene element 9 and are drawn forward for linear reinforcing in this type of embodiment. Such reinforcing linearly placed is in addition to helical and/ or circularly placed roving or other winding pattern.

The second stage of the manufacture on this appratus starts at frame 62. On frame 62 there is mounted a revolving ring asembly 10 which is secured to frame 62 by holding ring 12 which has means for holding as well as means to enable ring assembly 10 to revolve on said holding ring 12.

Upon revolving ring 12 a plurality of spindle holders 14 are mounted. Upon these spindle holders 14 there are placed roving balls of glass fiber 7 or spools of synthetic fibers or of wire. In some cases different reinforcing materials will be placed alternately or otherwise on the spindle holders 14 so that a composite reinforcement and pipeliner 377 structure will result and be built on the apparatus. Such composite reinforcement could be fibers unidirectional strands 60 end 1S0s Owens-Corning glass fibers roving and next to it on alternate spindle reels could be placed #3() stainless steel wire. Many composite structural reinforcements are thus available and no limitation is intended on the possible combinations. Structural engineers can and will design many kinds of composite structural embodiments.

Revolving ring 12 is driven at a pre-selected speed by motor 17 which drives shaft 68 which drives gear 16 which drives chain lil. Revolving ring 12 is arranged so that fibers 7 are helically or otherwise advanced on the release agent eg., a proprietory release spray of silicone or wax 0r e.g., polyethylene film which covers the mandrel 2637. These fibers 7 are layed in. one or more layers t0 build up the required structural cross-section of reinforcing material. A revolving ring 12 is mounted on frame 61 and feeds its roving fiber 7 lays back under spray guns 40 and 41 or may be pulled through an impregnating tank of resin composition while revolving ring 12 mounted on frame 62 feeds its roving fiber 7 lays forward onto the mandrel 2367. This makes a composite lay of a plurality of strands of roving fibers 7 as the polymeric resin composition 2.1 used for bonding and binding the fibers 7 one to the other is applied onto the lays of fibers 7 from spray guns 4t) and i1 or by any other equivalent applying means. Thorough covering and embedding of the fibers is what is required and other applying means can be used, or the fibers can be pre-impregnated with all or a part of the particular resin compositions used.

Variations in sequence of laying fibers 7 can be made so that many particular and different reinforcement constructions can be made. The polymeric resin compositions such as unsaturated polyester resin compositions, or epoxy resin compositions, or polyurethane resin compositions or compatible combinations of polymeric resin compositions can be cured by ambient means, sunlight, or other heating means. Useful for this purpose are electrical radiant heating devices as made by Edwin l. Weigand and Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. The mandrel may be heated by hot air blown into the mandrel 2367. Aluminum metal mandrel is a good heat transfer means and the hot air blown into the mandrel heats the aluminum metal `and this in turn transfers heat into the laminated layer 777 as it is placed on the mandrel and as it is drawn across the mandrel by means of rubber faced or other friction type material of the powered belts 31, which are powered by electric motor 30, and belt 33 powered by motor 32. Alternately, a single power source and shafts and belts or gears can also provide the driving means of such apparatus. if required, a plurality of take-off means can be provided. In place of winding element 9 onto the mandrel using element'9 to provide a release means for removing pipe-liner 377 from the mandrel a release means coniprised of polytetrafiuoroethylene, Teflon, can be applied to the mandrel surface as a reuseable release agent.

The mandrel 2367 is slightly tapered for a portion thereof near its outward end. Air pressure pumped into the finished product 77 7 either as a fully cured product or as a partially cured product as hereinbefore described, comprises means designed to assist the releasing of the pipe-liner 377 as it is moved into the trench or is removed in sections of desired length. A cushion of air aids also in prestrcssing. When the product is of a thin section and unable by itself to support the concrete 1 in its Wet state as placed thereover pipe-liner 377, three to l0 lbs. of air pressure, but not limited thereto, is pumped in to the pipe-liner 377 and this air acts, under such pressure as support means for the concrete 1 component of this invention, and this while it lays in the trench. The ends of pipe-liner 377 are closed as in the embodiments shown herewith. End means of closure may be provided by end plugs having gasket and holding means known in the art. Alternatively, a sealed dome-like-end-plug can be formed on the pipe-liner 377 making it into a tank-like construction or a vessel. Part 55 in the outward end of the mandrel is sized and valved, if desired, to regulate the ow of air into pipe-liner 377. The air pressure or fluid is provided eg., from an air compressor S0, or the like, through pipe into end port of mandrel 2367 and valves may be provided at the intake end to control this pressure.

Of importance in one embodiment of this invention, the pipe-liner 377 is made as a continuously advancing component of the structure o' the composite concrete pipe of this invention. As the trench is dug by ditching means shown herein, the pipe-liner is placed directly into the trench from the making means, and in some embodiments, the pipe-liner 377 is covered and coated with bonding and binding agents as herein disclosed as 78 and 79 elements provided to strengthen and improve the structure at the interface between the pipe-liner 377 and the concrete 1 components of this invention. When certain concrete 1 mix designs are made without the use of Portland cement, polymeric resin compositions are used and in this case the pipe-liner 377 and the concrete 1 become unitary structure. The apparatus of the FIGURE 2l can provide both constructions. No limitation and no restriction is intended in the end use products made herein.

FIGURE 22 shows a diagrammatic elevation view of frame 62 and the roving ring assembly 12 having liber 7 reel holding means 14. Fibers 7 are shown being drawn -from their spools through a porcelain or other material eye means 3, and from eyes 9 onto the mandrel 2367 so that lays of fiber 7 are built up to the required thickness to make pipe-liner 377. Additionally, when required by a design, longitudinal fibers 7 are advanced as the ibers 7 are spun helically, or otherwise onto mandrel 2367. Motor 16 drives shaft 68 by means of chain drive 17 over sprocket on said shaft 68. This is also shown in FIGURE 2l and shaft 63 and apparatus thereof is shown as driving revolving ring on both frames 61 and 62.

On FIGURES 2l and 22 there is shown polymeric resin composition disposed in tanks 21 and from these tanks formulated polymeric resins, or rubbers, or elastomeric or rubbery compositions are drawn and placed by spray means illustrated by element 40 and 41. Alternative means known in the art may be used to dispense these materials. Also alternatively, but not shown, the fibers 7 may be drawn from and through a creel device which has in combination a tilament wetting and impregnating means. This means can be provided to control the amount of polymeric resin composition, etc., used for binding the strands o-f ber 7. Such fiber 7 may be unidirectional strands of glass fiber roving, or other material, and may be tensioned by the apparatus. Typical of such apparatus as components of this invention apparatus are Kidde Creels, ol the Walter Kidde Company, of Newark, NJ., or equivalent means. Such creels can simplify fiber handling and can be equipped to deliver G ends of single or plural end yarn or rovings and also provide tension devices adapted to inducing pre-selected amounts of tension into bers 7.

As is known in the art, controlled tension compensators can be used which compensators provide a highly controlled ber lament laying means. The use of cempenator provides accurately controlled tension on unrolling or drawing of glass iibers as woven roving tape or as unidirectional strands whether in a dry state or in a preimpregnated state. Any useful fiber 7 can be controlled for pay out on an accurate basis method.

A servo system may be employed as a closed mechanical loop acting through roller arms which serve as the sensing element not shown but known in the art.

A braking system is provided which constantly adjusts itself by responding to the movement of the roller arms, which adjustment is transmitted back through a feed-back cable. Filament winding of bers 7 is provided with known device which has exceptionally good acceleration characteristics, due to time delay provided by the storage capacity of the roller arms of apparatus available but not shown. Sensing rollers may be used having a Teflon, polytetrauoroethylene coating, sleeves, or hard anodic coating, or in stainless steel. f

The apparatus enables any helix angle ranging from 0 to 90 to be selected and incorporated into an accurately controlled pattern. High winding pattern is governed by separate gear trains or train which may be engaged when required during fabrication. An angle of 54.75 winding in lay and cross-lay positions pitch will develop in the wound construction about equal hoop strength and longitudinal strength. Other angles of winding are known to provide specific features of structure.

With fibers 7, or as alternate materials for winding purposes there may be used tapes of various constructions and pre-selected widths, as e.g., woven glass liber roving 22 tapes, jute, cotton or burlap woven tapes, or wire and glass liber tapes, in fact, any materials alone or in desired engineered combinations can be used as ready made tapes and placed by means of this invention.

FIGURE 23 shows an elevation of frame 63 looking toward the beginning end of mandrel holder 15. Mandrel holder 15 is a strong construction as shown supra adapted to support mandrel 2367 in a cantilevered position as shown in FIGURE 2l. Holder 15 is shown having a circular opening of the size of the largest type of mandrel that the apparatus is designed to use. For example, if the largest size mandrel 2367 will provide a pipe-liner 377 of a -inch diameter and have a 2" thick wall, the holder would have a dimension of 64". From the dimension of 64 of holder 15 anysmaller sized mandrel 2367 may be used by means of supports 73 shown in FIGURE 23. These supports may be screw jacks, or hydraulic jacks, or air pressure devices, wedges, or other apparatus provided to hold rigid and in place the size mandrel then being used. The drawings are so drawn to in some instances stretch-out the apparent details and dimensions thereof, but it is contemplated that the apparatus can be substantially -condensed making for more rigid and accurately Working apparatus. The trailer or truck bed 72 is shown supporting frames of the apparatus as eg., frame 63. Tires or other moving means, e.g., catipillar tractor means, etc., is represented by element 75.

Tankage can be made on a continuous production basis and such construction cut to desired lengths at will and have end closures bonded in place, or the closures can be provided by other constructions and means. Concrete pipes can be made of other than circular shapes on this apparatus by changing the shape of the mandrel. Pile constructions can be made wherein the pipe-liner 377 becomes the reinforcing and protecting cover for concrete i solidly poured into the inside of the pipe-liner 377 and when fitted with a driving shoe such a construction provides a very strong construction support.

In this FIGURE 21, the apparatus can provide that the laminated pipe-liner 377 may be drawn across or from the mandrel 2367 by means of rubber faced or otherwise adapted friction inducing take-off belts such as belts 31 and 33. In place of individual motor drives these powered belts 31 and 33 can be powered by phase gear control takeolf from a single power source which would drive both rotating rings 16 and take-off belts 31 and 33, thus maintaining mechanical integrity throughout the fabricating cycle. This feature is particularly important because variations in helical angles can be readily made without having to synchronize elements of the apparatus. Belts 31 and 33 then automatically adjust to forming speeds and laying speeds of the ber 7 placement.

The ease with which helically formed fibers are made on this apparatus also provides with another type of revolving ring apparatus the capability of making sleevetype interwoven constructions from fiber contained on reels mounted on this revolving type of ring as shown in FIGURE 24. The revolving ring 12a contains grooves 8 and 8a in which unidirectional liber strands 7 travel in opposite directions so these said fiber strands 7 are placed on the mandrel 2367 as woven sleeving 799. Such sleeving can be made to adjust in diameter because wet impregnated fibrous construction can be formed by pressure means. A construction may be made by the apparatus of this invention which includes expanding a pipe-liner 377 type of product or a specifically designed formed product that may be enlarged or formed against a containing die mold and by means, eg., air pressure, made to the shape provided by the die or mold.

The mold or die may encircle the mandrel 2367 and be a circular shape as is required in making a venturi section or a pipe-line. The mold or die may be irregularly shaped to conform the wet impregnated fibrous construction contained e.g., in a sleeving type construction wound onto a pipe-liner 377 or (777) and provide a manhole 23 element of a pipe-line, or make formed products of many types, eg., tankage, storage vessels, car bodies, boats, military material, chemical vessels such as funnels, process vessels, etc.

The apparatus means of this invention and the methods used make for easy formability, variations of structure thickness as well as directional resistance type reinforcements (placing muscle strengths in the most advantageous location in a pipe-line structure). It has the ability to provide bonded and integrated reinforcements that are structurally designed component parts of structure. Fiber 7, eg., unidirectional glass fiber rovings, glass fiber tapes, polyethylene tere-phthalate strands, nylon strands, butyl rubber bands, elastomeric rubbery bers and bands, polyethylene fibers, polyethylene strip sheets, polypropolene fibers, strands and sheets, are used with epoxy resin bonding and binding resin compositions, unsaturated polyester resin compositions, urethane resin compositions, phenolic resin compositions, and in fact, any other polymeric resin composition .to comprise a particular feature of structure of this invention or in which in combination with compatible materials provides particular features of this invention. Metal inserts, metal reinforcements, synthetic rbers fillers, mineral fillers of many kinds can be incorporated in specific formulated polymeric resin compositions and are capable of being placed by the apparatus of -this invention. Air compressor Sil and the holdin'y tank 5l. provides means of inflation of elements shown in FEGURE 24.

Payout device belts exampled by elements 3l and 33 may be additionally provided by guide contour shapes, e.g., a venturi section of a pipe-liner 377 can be frictionally .moved from the mandrel or the mold or die upon which its shape depends and is made. No limitation is intended as to the shape of dies or molds Within the capability of the removal of a product made on this apparatus. The machine apparatus is not limited to circular pipe-liner shapes but any reasonable shapes such as squares, triangles, elliptical, or depress elliptical, spheroid, paraboloid, conical shapes or combinations of shapes may be made in continuous process constructions by the machines of this invention.

The apparatus and methods of this invention can supply military pipelines manufactured in the field, or manufactured nearby and placed in the ground for protection by ditching and back-filling of dug earth. These pipe-lines may be used for supply lines of Water, fuel, or other fluids. Protective cover to the pipe-liner 377 component of the invention can be provided by polymerizable polymeric resin compositions mixed with the dug earth from the trench as the concrete 1 component of this invention.

The apparatus and method of this invention is so used that each piece of apparatus is connected by design to the necessary maintenance of continuity of construction. The ditcher mounted on a tractor device first digs the ditch and in one embodiment of the invention, a cable attached to the ditcher and the pipe-liner 377 manufacturing apparatus mounted on a mobile platform of the nature of a trailer or truck is drawn forward as the tractor of the ditcher is advanced providing a dug ditch. rEhe pipe-liner 377 manufacturing apparatus on its conveyance deposits pipe-liner 377 into said ditch. Attached to the pipe-liner 377 manufacturingy apparatus is the concrete 1 placing machine and as the pipe-liner 377 is layed in the trench it is fed into the concrete 1 placing machine and/ or the concrete machine advances over the pipe-liner 377 and centers it in the concrete placing machine entrance opening and then deposits concrete under, about and over the pipe-liner 377 and completes the composite pipe-construction of this invention. Added features may be interposed as eg., prestressing features as shown in FIGURE 2() or any other features disclosed herein.

Alternatively, the pipe laying operation may be carried on by digging the ditch and providing on the pipe-liner 377 apparatus selected lengths of pipe-liner 377 which eg., may have a bell type end on one end and a spigot type end on the other end which lengths of pipe-liner are joined together on the moving pipe-liner supplying vehicle by bonding means exampled by quick setting polymerizable polymeric resin compositions or other joinery means and are then placed into the trench as a continuous pipe-liner 377 construction.

FIGURE 26 shows bell and spigot type pipe-liner which embodiment of the invention will be required for use with machines now making poured-in-place concrete pipelines, but not all machines. The mandrel is fitted with an integral shaped band 228 by which the bell portion is formed on the pipe-liner construction. As shown it is a part of the mandrel but alternatively, the band may be a part added to the mandrel 236 or 2357. The taper end of the mandrels 236 an provide the spigot portion merely by extending the winding over onto the sloping portion of the mandrel end for a reasonable distance, eg., 4 inches or 6 inches, or whatever a structural design requires. The pipe-liner is described in FIGURE 25 or it can be any of the other constructions shown herein. Element 67 represents a polymerizable polymeric resin composition bonding adhesive used to connect the pipe-liner lengths together on the pipe-liner trailer or alternatively on the ground beside the trench or in the trench. Spigot 227 nests directly and easily into bell 228 and when bonded together the joinery is stronger than the pipe-liner itself.

In FIGURE 14 an additional element can be added to hold the pipe-liner in position in the oven or processing. Element 915i is a thin rod passed through from the outside of the oven 241 or equivalent means that pierces the pipe-liner 377 and holds it in position during the curing cycle in the oven 241. As the pipe-liner 377 leaves the oven 241 and passes through spray or applying means Stil to receive the bonding resin composition the holes caused by the thin rod is filled with said resin, and if necessary, a piece of liber glass mat or equivalent is also placed over the hole. The system Works as a continuous system with increments of the pipe-liner 377 being cured partially or being cured fully on the interior surface but partially on the exterior surface. When the pipe-liner 377 has an unsaturated polyester resin composition binder and the bonding resin composition 7 8 is an epoxy resin composition, the pipe-liner may be fully cured because excellent bond is had between the two polymeric resins. Other resin systems can also be so used as is known in the art. Variations in processing can be had and no limitation is intended.

The apparatus shown herein is provided with practical means of tension programming for developing maximum physical properties of the fiberglass or other fibers used in making the pipe-liner 377. Many systems of the prior art do not consider the values lost in handling the fiber from original package roving into its nal end use. Three basic apparatus functions must be so designed that (l) tension, (2) impregnation, and (3) placement of guidance provide reproducibilty every time the apparatus is worked. The fibers as eg., glass liber roving, must be delivered to the mandrel having uniform strength and under controlled tension. Variations in tension must be held to a minimum and the tension from roving to roving, or strand to strand, and from end to end must be substantially uniform with the overall amount of tension level being adjustable by proper devices, ie., automatic devices.

impregnation of fibers, eg., glass liber rovings may be done ahead of the on-site manufacture, or the fibers may be brought to the site already impregnated. The degree to which impregnation of fibers of pipe-liner 377 as delivered in reels for use as in FIGURE 5 may be none to full impregnation. Alternatively, additional polymeric resin composition or compositions 2l may be provided as in FIGURE 5 to dry pre-package and oriented and builtup fibers of the pipe-liner 377. ln Wet Winding the roving or fibers must be substantially completely impregnated with resin as it passes through the fiber delivery system or means. Fiber by fiber must be layed down so there are no voids or holes and at the same time no excess of resin composition should remain on the roving fibers. The apparatus provides means to substantially hold the polymeric resin composition constant in percent of content and the apparatus is adjustable by known means to do this.

To speed up winding the individual rovings or fibers, e.g., glass fibers, apparatus may be used as is known in the art to collect the rovings or fibers into ribbons or tapes and winding a plurality of individual rovings or fibers onto the mandrel 2367 as in FIGURE 21. A wet winding system adapted to use on the apparatus of FIGURE 21 requires spool or holding means for roving spools, or yarn holder, a tensioning means device, an impregnation system and device, and a pay-out means device for the roving or fibers used. If the roving or glass fibers are already preimpregnated with polymeric resin and ready for use, a heating device will be used to heat the preimpregnated fibers or roving is used to liquify the polymeric resin composition from its Bstage condition just before the impregnated roving or fiber is layed onto the mandrel. A filament delivering system can be a numerically controlled filament winding machine which consists of spool holders, a tension and impregnation unit in combination, and a payout device, with the control resting in orifice controls and intermediate guides such as combs, rollers and pattern making controls. These several means are known in the art and in combination are used in making the products of this invention. In certain constructions, but not all, after impregnation is best means.

In FIGURE 25 is shown bell and spigot type of pipeliner 377 that may be Imade on the apparatus of FIG- URE 5 and FIGURE 19, and on FIGURE 21 herein shown. Pre-selected lengths of pipe-liner 377 are made as above described and in this embodiment element 97 comprises a bell portion of the pipe-liner 377 and element 227 comprises a spigot portion of the pipe-liner 377. The bell is made by spinning and winding additional fibers to form the bell 97. The spigot is made by extending the winding over the taper portion of the mandrel 2367 in FIGURE 21 while in FIGURE 5 the spigot portion is made on the taper portion of the mandrel 236 by increasing the pressure of the apparatus element 244 at 278 as shown in FIGURE 19. Simple cut-off means is employed. FIGURES 22 and 23 and 24 indicate features of apparatus showing spools and guiding means. The above features of manufacturing involved in tensioning, impregnating and placement or guidance of fibers are represented in these figures.

The pipe-liners 377 of this invention thus are provided in several structural and chemical engineered constructions. The important feature of having at least an outer portion of the said pipe-liner 377 in partially cured condition with respect to the polymerizable polymeric resin compositions used provides a most important contribution to pipe-liner structure in its combination with the composite structure provided with concrete 1 component. When commercial concrete made of Portland cement, sand and crushed rock aggregates are used, the interface structure and the pipe-liner structure are integrally bonded together by the fingers of bonding resin composition 78 and the mechanical and Portland Cement bond to the sand and `aggregates at the interface additionally provide strong bonded structure. Additionally, prestressing prestressed preloads provided by force systems captured from the polymerization reaction of the polymeric resin composition, and/or force systems provided by mechanical or thermal means as defined in my prior patents, are provided in on-site manufactured composite pipe lines. When concrete 1 is made of concrete aggregates bound together by non-cementatious cements such as polymerizable polymeric resin compositions, unitary structure is readily obtained. In preventing loss of fluid or water from these pipe-lines, the closing of concrete pores normal to concrete by the pipe-liner 377 system and by the use of impregnated structure of the concrete provides pipe improved structure and stops water waste.

EXAMPLE I Using the apparatus of FIGURE 5, FIGURE 6, FIG- URE 7 and FIGURE 19 a continuous length of concrete composite pipe line is made as follows:

A preformed tubular construction comprising spirally wound reinforcement consisting of two helically applied lays of glass fiber 60 end 150s rovings layed at about 54.75 to opposite hands in lay and cross lay position and having a third layer of circularly wound glass liber 60 end s rovings coated with a B stage epoxy resin composition is supplied in reel form and mounted upon the reel standard support. To protect the glass fiber a thin layer of polyethylene cover sheet is provided at the point of manufacture where the tubular construction 377 in its partially cured B stage state is manufactured. The pipeliner 377 is fed thru sizing rolls 372 and 376 and into the oven 24'1. As the pipe-liner 377 is made ready for passing through the oven, it is cut to a substantially true circle cut so that it may be fastened to bulkhead 21S-2,16 as shown in FIGURE 7. The pipe-liner 377 in passing through the oven 241 is additionally cured, but not fully cured, and in this condition is able to be self supporting. In this state it is pulled from the oven and down into the trench and into the concrete placing machine so it may be fastened onto the bulkhead 21S-216. The mandrel 236 is placed inside of the tube pipe-liner 377 before the pipeliner is fastened to the bulkhead 21S-216, as is the air feed line 223. The pipe-liner 377 is cured to the desired stage of cure short of full cure in oven 241 as it passes through in increments equal to the length of the oven land is covered with bonding resin 78 as it leaves the oven 241 from resin applicator 302.

In entering the oven 241 in this example the fibrous construction of pipe-liner 377 has the designed amount of polymerizable polymeric resin composition in its packaged condition on the reel unit. Heat from the oven raises the temperature of this polymerizable polymeric resin composition 21 and cures it to that state of partially cured state designed to make the pipe-liner 377 self supporting but still adapted to take on the bonding resin composition 78 and have it become a component of structure on completion of the total curing of the finished product. The continuity of bonded structure at the interface structure of the pipe-liner 377 and the concrete cover 1 is structurally important in prestresed preloaded constructions. Load ransfer between components of the pipe-line structure used as high pressure pipe lines is best achieved when the materials components of the structure are in integral bonded structure. This is particularly important in the structures capabilities in resisting dynamic loadings. It is also highly desirable in providing impervious wall structures in embodiments of the invention.

When reliance is placed upon mechanical bond between the pipe-liner 377 and the concrete 1 cover, constructions having ridges of various spacing requirements that are cable-like in construction but still a part of the winding of the fibers are found to be adequate. The ease with which additional fibers eg., glass fibers unidirectional roving, are wound into the pipe-liner 377 construction, provides a low cost means of structural integrity. In the apparatus of FIGURES 5, 6, 7, and 19, the -platen surface will be provided with matched configurations to accommodate the cable-like windings. This embodiment involves little additional work since the pipe-liner 377 in this case has the fibrous reinforcement wound as designed and provided on the reel-unit.

The bonding resin composition 78 as mentioned supra as being applied to the pipe-liner '377 at its leaving the oven 241 can and is further combined with Portland cement in its dry state mixed with sand 79 at the entrance of the pipe-liner 377 to the concrete placing machine. Here the wet concrete is vibrated and moved into place around and under and over the said pipe-liner 377. The polymeric resin composition still in its lpolyrrterizable state and the dry Portland cement and sand co-rningle with the wet concrete at the interface and a very strong bonded structure is obtained, i.e., when the whole composite materiais cure and set.

The preimpregnated constructions adapted to packaged ready-for-use reel-unit constructions can be made out of unidirectional glass fibers, tapes or fabric constructions and the resin systems used generally are epoxy or polyester resin systems. In the case of epoxy resin compositions, Aromatic diamines such `as meta-phenylendiamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, (both of which provide short shelf lives for the preimpreganted fibrous constructions package) or diaminophysulfone (which provides a longer shelf life) may be used as hardeuers. Other hardeners may be anhydrides such as Nadie Anhydride or pyrornellitic dianhydride but these are hardeners requiring reiatively long cures and unless modied with other hardeners systems slow up the process of pipe-liner manufacture. 1%?3 monoethylamine complex provides flexible tacky pre-impregnated materials and are utilized in this example. in combination with diaminodiphenylsulfone BF3 monoethylamine is a useful secondary curing agent.

Unsaturated polyester resin compositions `are useful in making these preimpregnated fibrous constructions and a very substantial feature is derived from these -resin systems. The shrinkage feature of the unsaturated polyester resins provide substantial induced prestressed preload and also provide low cost constructions. Both solvent drying syt-ems and 100% solids yresins which are heated in the process of impregnation to achieve working vicosities are known in the art. Reinforcement is dipped and doctor bladed or otherwise impregnated. Mixtures of DAP or other monomer vehicles to which are added pulverized resin solids may be used to make preimpregnated constructions. Fillers may also be added in formulated constructions. Dry pulverized polyester resin compositions, eg., Atlac 382 unsaturated polyester resin composition plus appropriate curing catalyst and promoters are known in the art and are Widely used. Very long -pot lives are available in 4these particular systems.

Other resin systems include phenolic melamine and urea, silicone also find use either alone or in combination with unsaturated polyester resins and epoxy resin compositions. The structural engineering design in view of the chemical enginering involved governs specific structural embodiments.

Isophthalic based unsaturated polyesters and unsaturated polyesters made by using hydrotgenated bisphenol A with maleic, fumarie, and phthalic acids and propylene glycol provide resin systems having high resistance to chemical attack.

EXAMPLE Il Using the apparatus of FIGURE 2l a partially cured ready-for-use pipe-liner 377 is manufactured on the said apparatus ort-site wherein said apparatus is a component of a composite concrete pipe making and laying train of this invention. One embodiment of the invention is made as follows:

First a layer of mold release is applied to the cold mandrel, i.e., at ambient temperature, and next a plurality of forward moving strands of fiber, eg., glass ber unidirectional roving having a chrome size thereon are placed in position for spinning in a helical winding and then are wound at a selected helical angle, eg., 54.75 from the horizontal which comprises the winding angle. It is known that in any given combination of helical systems of winding, the girth strength will be equal to the sum of the products of sing@ and the thickness of the windings at that angle, expressed as a fraction of the total wall thickness, times the hoop tensile strength of unidirectional windings for the material used. The same relationship holds for cos25 and the longitudinal strength. The elastic properties of a balanced cylindrical structure are such that strain is equal in all directions. These are the properties sought in this example.

While the strands of glass liber roving are being spun onto the said mandrel, polymerizable polymeric resin composition as e.g., an isophthalic based unsaturated polyester `resin composition having a catalyst as eg., benzoyl peroxide based catalyst and adaptel to curing at 250 F. is applied to the strands of fiber as they are layed upon the mandrel under a preselected tension, and this until the mandrel is covered for the desired length of mandrel.

Next with at least some of the forward moving strands of fiber layed onto said mandrel, start placing strands of glass liber undirectional roving in cross-lay position at an equal but opposite lay to the forward moving strands, ie., an angie of 54.75 helical angle and spin and lay, in reverse moving lay said glass fiber strands, and cover substantially all of the first layed strands of said glass fiber roving, and while this is being done continue applying polymerizable polymeric resin composition, the said unsaturated isophthalic polyester resin composition and said catalyst therefor so as to cover the surface of all strands of fiber in a substantial manner.

At this stage or" construction with a substantial amount of resin composition present to insure against pinholes, a product is now made ready for curing and is considered as the basic construction of a pipe-liner 377. As design requirements are met additional features can be incorporated. For this product all that remains to be done is to cure it to that stage of cure to make it self supporting and yet have the capability of having the bonding resin composition 73 placed on its exterior surface if this is required in a design.

To cure this embodiment of the invention heat is applied to the inside of the mandrel so that the aluminum cylinder comprising the mandrel is expanded by heat which cause the fibers to nestle and align themselves initially as the curing progresses. This should take only a few minutes, 2 to 4 minutes for certain known catalysts. This can take place while the spun glass fiber roving is in a fixed position to obtain this state of cure or it can be done while the spun glass fiber roving is moving across the mandrel in a preselected rate of forward movement, the movement in the first `case being done after a dcsired state of cure is reached and the pipe-liner 377 moving forward in increments instead of continuously. The apparatus is adapted to provide either means by adjusting controlling means.

As the partially polymerized polymeric resin composition reaches the desired state of cure, the pipe-liner 377 is moved forward into the trench and is further covered with the bonding resin composition 78 if desired. As the pipe-liner 377 enters into the concrete placing machine it receives a covering of sand, or 79 Portland cement and sand in a dry state and adheres to the polymeric resin composition already in place. As the concrete is placed by vibration and gravity about the pipe-liner 377 in the concrete placing machine, the interface materials 78 and 79 cornmingle with the wet concrete and thoroughly bond the pipe-liner 377 to the concrete cover.

The composite polymeric resin composition-fiber reinforced concrete pipe construction thus is provided by a continuous on-site manufacturing operation. Time is a critical feature and each step must be done in accordance with a plan. For the pipe-liner 377 in this embodiment to reach a stage of cure for its polymeric resin compositions in and of the bers ahead of schedule could affect the integrated structure desired in the combination of materials at the interface between the pipe-liner and the concrete i materials. The ditcher and tractor is the moving force for the whole train of apparatus and as 

